Thus, the government is collaborating with two in-country civil society groups-the Japan Hepatitis Council and the Viral Hepatitis Research Foundation of Japan-to develop and implement its viral hepatitis prevention and control program. In Japan, although medical check-ups for HBV and HCV infection are conducted nationwide, not all those who are found to be positive for these viruses seek specialist medical attention or receive proper treatment from a hepatologist. Unfortunately, in many Western countries, even though patients are successfully screened, many do not receive confirmatory testing for HBV or HCV. Thus, referral of hepatitis virus- positive individuals to a hepatologist at least once in their lifetime is recommended. However, disease progression and cancer development can be inhibited by antiviral treatment, especially with the recent advances in these antiviral treatments. Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major cause of end-stage liver diseases, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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